Current Research on a New Spacecraft Autonomy Architecture named Remote

Remote Agent Part 1: Introduction to Spacecraft Autonomy Abstract This first paper of a two-part series introduces current research on a new spacecraft autonomy architecture, named Remote Agent, which applies artificial intelligence techniques to spacecraft control functions. The necessity for autonomy technology is nowhere greater than in deep space missions. Remote Agent is a model-based autonomous system being developed in a collaborative effort between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Ames Research Center. This spacecraft control scheme is composed of three parts that work together: 1) the Planner-Scheduler, 2) Mode Identification and Recovery, and 3) the Smart Executive. Models of the spacecraft's components and environment are given to Remote Agent and it figures out the necessary detailed operating procedures on its own. Because autonomy improves mission performance and reduces costs, autonomously controlled spacecraft will become more prominent in future space missions. Introduction The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is being confronted with the challenge to perform more frequent and intensive space-exploration missions at greatly reduced cost. Nowhere is this more crucial than among robotic planetary exploration missions that the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) conducts for NASA. This paper describes current research on a new spacecraft autonomy architecture using artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to challenging computational problems in planning and scheduling, and real-time monitoring and control. Work on this software package combines research from diverse areas of AI such as model-based reasoning, qualitative reasoning, planning an... ...-122. 2. "Automata Theory", The New Encyclopedia Brittanica , Vol. 14, 1987 ed., pp 520-28. 3. Williams, Brian C., and P. Pandurang Nayak, Immobile Robots: AI in the New Millennium , AI Magazine, Fall 1996, pp. 16-35. 4. Wan, D., Braspenning, P., and G. Vreeswijk, Limits to Ground Control in Autonomous Spacecraft , Telematics and Infomatics, Vol. 12, No. 3/4, pp 247-59. 5. Schilling, K., De LaFontaine, J., and H. Roth, Autonomy Capabilities of European Deep Space Probes , Autonomous Robots, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1996, pp 19-30. 6. NASA New Millennium Program website, [ http://nmp.jpl.nasa.gov/News/press/01_09_97.html ] 7. Hanson, Mark L., and Lorraine M. Fesq, A Software Architecture for Next Generation Satellites , TRW Space and Electronics Group, Redondo Beach, CA, Presented at the 1997 Highly Autonomous Systems Workshop, Pasadena, CA, April 10-11, 1997.

One Tragic Defeat

The poem, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, illustrates the perfection of a knight throughout his life. Sir Gawain the perfect knight goes on a Christmas game quest provided by the Green Knight which tempts his purity and eventually ruins the ideal knight he used to be. In the criticism, â€Å"A Psychological Interpretation of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight†, the critic Stephen Manning argues that the poem centers on Gawain’s feeling of guilt. On the other hand, P. J. C. Field a critic who wrote, â€Å" A Rereading of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight†, argues that Gawain’s sin in accepting the lady’s girdle is minimal. The remainder of the criticism portrays the comparison between the two critics mentioned. The feeling of guilt occurred once during Sir Gawain’s life; this one time happened to be the day a faultless knight receives his first sin. Sir Gawain holds the situation seriously, and it affects the rest of his life. For example, the green belt Gawain wears, â€Å"symbolizes both [his] shame and his self-knowledge† (Manning 158). Manning explains the color green as a symbol of rebirth, therefore the green belt Sir Gawain carries around resembles the revival of on his short comings. Gawain discovers he is not perfect and learns from his mistakes, thus he becomes a finer, more superior knight which he wishes to become. For instance, Gawain illustrates himself as evil thus informs his peers, â€Å"for evil to exist, it must exist in the good† (159). Manning describes Gawain as a perfect person, one without sin, as if he were a god. Gawain’s peers strive to become like him, so his sin exhibits the impurity and imperfection of human kind. Gawain reveals to his peers that everyone makes mistakes, and should not dread or guilt over them. Guilt demonstrates the psychological feelings of Sir Gawain in the poem. Accepting the girdle for the Lord’s lady is temptation, therefore a mortal sin, but for the predestination of oneself, keeping the girdle was a hard decision to make. Venial sin refers to sin that accidentally happens, whereas mortal sin conveys a sin as one that was supposed to happen. If one commits mortal sin, she or he must visit a priest for penance; but if one commits a venial sin, she or he must ask for forgiveness through prayer. Altogether when anyone asks for forgiveness he or she is forgiven and remains pure. Thus, Gawain only commits a venial sin but, â€Å"venial sin is evil: absolutely, for a man who wants perfection; for a man who is near perfection; and for a man who is possibly†¦ habitually free even from venial sin† (Field 260). Manning argues that to Gawain, a venial sin is evil because he has never committed a sin in his flawless life as a knight. Manning also acknowledges that Gawain takes his first sin solemnly and holds it against himself. He eventually notices that all the pain and suffering he has been through had a reason. Consequently, Gawain returns with a green belt to, â€Å"the court to which [he] returns must be taken as giving the judgement of humanity† (261). Manning implies that through Gawain, everyone in the court shall learn from his mistake and should be prepared and knowledgeable in the future. Through the suffering of a noble and perfect knight, everyone benefits from their courteous peer. Entirely, the acceptance of the lady’s girdle was a venial sin or minimal sin because he did it for the sake of keeping his life. The acceptance of the lady’s girdle led to the guilt of Sir Gawain and the judgement of others. â€Å"But accepting the girdle is not a sin in the theological sense† (Manning 157). Manning is insinuating that the girdle is not a mortal sin but instead a chivalric sin. Therefore Gawain should not be humiliated through guilt as it is not a theological sin, which makes him a perfect man religiously but not through the state of chivalry.

Business Ethics and the Real Estate - 2942 Words

Business Ethics and the Real Estate (Critical Analysis Template) Name: Jasper Esmalla Class: BUSI 560 Section: Spring 2011 Critical Analysis Topic: Business Ethics and the Real Estate PRINCIPLE: ââ€"† Defined as the standard by which one judges between moral right and wrong (Lawrence Weber, 2011). o Covers every area in the business: - Accounting and financial responsibility - Marketing and advertising - Information Technology ââ€"† Is the application of ethical ideas in the business world. ââ€"† The purpose is to provide guidance to managers and employees to follow company policies and societal laws. ââ€"† Ethical policies and codes can enhance the business’ identity and reputation in the community (Argenti, 2009).†¦show more content†¦Department of Justice – enforces and investigates intellectual property infringements (USDOJ, 2010). o The U.S. President, U.S. Congress, and U.S. Courts – implemented The Civil Rights Act o Representative Howard Smith – added prohibition to discrimination based on sex (Clark, 1991) o Thomas Hernquist – Chairperson of AMA to fight against illegal marketing activity o John F. Kennedy – The Equal Pay Act of 1963 was signed into law o Robert Marjolin – led the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development o Peter Drucker – a business guru who proposed that companies have ethical obligations o Andrew Olson – developed an online archive of ethical codes available to Internet users worldwide (Olson, 1998) o Representative Fritz Lanham – enacted the Lanham or Federal Trademark Act ââ€"† Critics of Ethical Standards: o Milton Friedman -- a Chicago school economist argues that CEOs have only one duty and that is to maximize the profits of a company (Friedman, 1970). o Businesses in developing countries o Small and start-up businesses PERIOD: ââ€"† 1790 – Patent and Trademark Office; signed into law which grants the right to exclude others from making and selling patented inventionsShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Issues Of Real Estate Industry1112 Words   |  5 Pagesas a professional in commercial real estate With the rapid change of the state of society as well as the development of technology, the real estate industry has transformed from traditional form like real estate broker into a systemic, organized industry, which provide the client with valuation; management; consultancy; transaction of real estates, commercial or residential. 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